Discussion Previous study has shown that one of the most

Discussion Previous study has shown that one of the most important characteristics of music is that of reducing anxiety. The mechanism of music therapy is thought to arise from multiple nervous stimuli that are conducted into the brain, which are antagonists to each other, and under certain conditions, receiving the stimulus of hearing music can reduce pain or discomfort. Music can change the reaction of the autonomic UM171 in the thalamus, such as relaxing the tensive muscle, decreasing the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone, and changing the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. In addition, music influences the limbic system to evoke joyful sensations and decrease anxiety. Music can also stimulate the pituitary gland to release more endorphins, which reduce pain and, therefore, can decrease the level of anxiety. Previous studies have not determined which style of music (such as easy listening, jazz, rock, and country) has the best efficacy in terms of reducing anxiety. A study reported that anxiety was reduced in patients undergoing a transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy under local anesthesia by listening to “Twilight’s Embrace” by Kevin Kern from the album “Summer Daydreams”. In this study, music by Kevin Kern had the best efficacy in reducing anxiety. This may be because “Canon in D” from the album “Pachelbel by The Sea” by David Tolley is of the canon style of informal classical music. Pachelbel\'s canon is a variation form, which has a solid repetition formation throughout the piece. However, “Blossom on the Wind” from the album “Embracing The Wind” by Kevin Kern has a simple light musical style, which is a less serious form. Therefore, we believe that listening to light music is less stressful than listening to music of the canon style, and it is more effective in terms of reducing anxiety than the other formal musical styles. Listening to music has been shown to reduce anxiety during cardiac vascular procedures, transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies, shockwave lithotripsy, and gastrointestinal procedures. One meta-analysis study analyzed the effect of listening to music on patients undergoing colonoscopy from eight randomized controlled trials published from 2002 to 2006. The meta-analysis concluded that music can significantly improve the patient\'s experience during colonoscopy, but does not shorten the duration of the procedure, decrease pain levels, or reduce the amount of sedative medications required. However, two studies did report that listening music decreased the doses of sedative medications needed. Listening to music during a colonoscopy has been shown to reduce the STAI score, and for patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy, relaxing music has been shown to improve tolerance, attitude, and overall feelings about the procedure. Therefore, listening to music is thought to be one method by which anxiety can be reduced during the colonoscopy procedure. In this study, patients who listened to music had a lower STAI score, regardless of the style of music. Therefore, we believe that listening to music can reduce the status of anxiety in patients undergoing colonoscopy without sedation. Finally, neither physiological factors, such as BMI, nor a history of hypertension, smoking, or alcohol consumption were associated with the status of anxiety. Music played during flexible sigmoidoscopy was reported to have decreased the mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate, but one study had converse results. In this study, blood pressure prior to colonoscopy was not related to listening to music; therefore, we believe that physiological factors have no influence on the status of anxiety during colonoscopy without sedation.
Introduction One the main factors in forensic identification is gender determination. Sex determination of damaged or mutilated corps, or skeletal remains is a principal stage in medicolegal examination. Different parts of the body are utilized in the determination of sex, such as the pelvis, long bones with an epiphysis and a metaphysis in skeletons, skull, pubis, paranasal sinuses, foramen magnum, maxillary sinuses, and teeth.